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81 [eighty-one]

Past tense 1

81 [een en tagtig]	Verlede tyd 1

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The history of linguistics

Languages have always fascinated mankind. The history of linguistics is therefore very long. Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Even thousands of years ago people contemplated language. In doing so, different cultures developed different systems. As a result, different descriptions of languages emerged. Today's linguistics are based on ancient theories more than anything else. Many traditions were established in Greece in particular. The oldest known work about language comes from India, however. It was written 3,000 years ago by the grammarian Sakatayana. In ancient times, philosophers like Plato busied themselves with languages. Later, Roman authors developed their theories further. Arabians, too, developed their own traditions in the 8th century. Even then, their works show precise descriptions of the Arabian language. In modern times, man particularly wanted to research where language comes from. Scholars were especially interested in the history of language. In the 18th century, people started to compare languages with each other. They wanted to understand how languages develop. Later they concentrated on languages as a system. The question of how languages function was the focal point. Today, a great number of schools of thought exist within linguistics. Many new disciplines have developed since the fifties. These were in part strongly influenced by other sciences. Examples are psycholinguistics or intercultural communication. The newer linguistic schools of thought are very specialized. One example of this is feminist linguistics. So the history of linguistics continues… As long as there are languages, man will contemplate them!

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to write	s_r_f skryf s____ skryf _____ skryf
He wrote a letter.	H_ h_t ’_ b_i_f g_s_r_f_ Hy het ’n brief geskryf. H_ h__ ’_ b____ g_______ Hy het ’n brief geskryf. __ ___ __ _____ ________ Hy het ’n brief geskryf.
And she wrote a card.	E_ s_ h_t ’_ k_a_t_i_ g_s_r_f_ En sy het ’n kaartjie geskryf. E_ s_ h__ ’_ k_______ g_______ En sy het ’n kaartjie geskryf. __ __ ___ __ ________ ________ En sy het ’n kaartjie geskryf.

to read	l_e_ lees l___ lees ____ lees
He read a magazine.	H_ h_t ’_ t_d_k_i_ g_l_e_. Hy het ’n tydskrif gelees. H_ h__ ’_ t_______ g______ Hy het ’n tydskrif gelees. __ ___ __ ________ _______ Hy het ’n tydskrif gelees.
And she read a book.	E_ s_ h_t ’_ b_e_ g_l_e_. En sy het ’n boek gelees. E_ s_ h__ ’_ b___ g______ En sy het ’n boek gelees. __ __ ___ __ ____ _______ En sy het ’n boek gelees.

to take	n_e_ / v_t neem / vat n___ / v__ neem / vat ____ _ ___ neem / vat
He took a cigarette.	H_ h_t ’_ s_g_r_t g_n_e_. Hy het ’n sigaret geneem. H_ h__ ’_ s______ g______ Hy het ’n sigaret geneem. __ ___ __ _______ _______ Hy het ’n sigaret geneem.
She took a piece of chocolate.	S_ h_t ’_ s_u_ s_o_o_a_e g_n_e_. Sy het ’n stuk sjokolade geneem. S_ h__ ’_ s___ s________ g______ Sy het ’n stuk sjokolade geneem. __ ___ __ ____ _________ _______ Sy het ’n stuk sjokolade geneem.

He was disloyal, but she was loyal.	H_ w_s o_t_o_, m_a_ s_ w_s g_t_o_. Hy was ontrou, maar sy was getrou. H_ w__ o______ m___ s_ w__ g______ Hy was ontrou, maar sy was getrou. __ ___ _______ ____ __ ___ _______ Hy was ontrou, maar sy was getrou.
He was lazy, but she was hard-working.	H_ w_s l_i_ m_a_ s_ w_s f_u_s_ Hy was lui, maar sy was fluks. H_ w__ l___ m___ s_ w__ f_____ Hy was lui, maar sy was fluks. __ ___ ____ ____ __ ___ ______ Hy was lui, maar sy was fluks.
He was poor, but she was rich.	H_ w_s a_m_ m_a_ s_ w_s r_k_ Hy was arm, maar sy was ryk. H_ w__ a___ m___ s_ w__ r___ Hy was arm, maar sy was ryk. __ ___ ____ ____ __ ___ ____ Hy was arm, maar sy was ryk.

He had no money, only debts.	H_ h_t g_e_ g_l_ n_e_ n_t s_u_d_ Hy het geen geld nie, net skuld. H_ h__ g___ g___ n___ n__ s_____ Hy het geen geld nie, net skuld. __ ___ ____ ____ ____ ___ ______ Hy het geen geld nie, net skuld.
He had no luck, only bad luck.	H_ h_t g_e_ g_l_k n_e_ n_t s_e_t_ g_l_k_ Hy het geen geluk nie, net slegte geluk. H_ h__ g___ g____ n___ n__ s_____ g_____ Hy het geen geluk nie, net slegte geluk. __ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ ______ ______ Hy het geen geluk nie, net slegte geluk.
He had no success, only failure.	H_ h_t g_e_ s_k_e_ n_e_ n_t t_r_g_l_e_ Hy het geen sukses nie, net terugslae. H_ h__ g___ s_____ n___ n__ t_________ Hy het geen sukses nie, net terugslae. __ ___ ____ ______ ____ ___ __________ Hy het geen sukses nie, net terugslae.

He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied.	H_ w_s n_e t_v_e_e n_e_ m_a_ o_t_v_e_e_ Hy was nie tevrede nie, maar ontevrede. H_ w__ n__ t______ n___ m___ o_________ Hy was nie tevrede nie, maar ontevrede. __ ___ ___ _______ ____ ____ __________ Hy was nie tevrede nie, maar ontevrede.
He was not happy, but sad.	H_ w_s n_e g_l_k_i_ n_e_ m_a_ o_g_l_k_i_. Hy was nie gelukkig nie, maar ongelukkig. H_ w__ n__ g_______ n___ m___ o__________ Hy was nie gelukkig nie, maar ongelukkig. __ ___ ___ ________ ____ ____ ___________ Hy was nie gelukkig nie, maar ongelukkig.
He was not friendly, but unfriendly.	H_ w_s n_e a_n_e_a_m n_e_ m_a_ o_a_n_e_a_m_ Hy was nie aangenaam nie, maar onaangenaam. H_ w__ n__ a________ n___ m___ o___________ Hy was nie aangenaam nie, maar onaangenaam. __ ___ ___ _________ ____ ____ ____________ Hy was nie aangenaam nie, maar onaangenaam.

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The history of linguistics

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