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58 [fifty-eight]

Parts of the body

58 [ሃምሣ ስምንት] 58 [ሃምሣ ስምንት]	የሰውነት አካሎች yesewineti ākalochi

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Does a universal grammar exist?

When we learn a language, we also learn its grammar. When children learn their native language, this happens automatically. They don't notice that their brain is learning various rules. Despite this, they learn their native language correctly from the beginning. Given that many languages exist, many grammar systems exist too. But is there also a universal grammar? Scientists have been studying this for a long time. New studies could provide an answer. Because brain researchers have made an interesting discovery. They had test subjects study grammar rules. These subjects were language school students. They studied Japanese or Italian. Half of the grammar rules were totally fabricated. However, the test subjects didn't know that. The students were presented with sentences after studying. They had to assess whether or not the sentences were correct. While they were working through the sentences, their brains were analyzed. That is to say, the researchers measured the activity of the brain. This way they could examine how the brain reacted to the sentences. And it appears that our brain recognizes grammar! When processing speech, certain brain areas are active. The Broca Center is one of them. It is located in the left cerebrum. When the students were faced with real grammar rules, it was very active. With the fabricated rules on the other hand, the activity decreased considerably. So it could be that all grammar systems have the same basis. Then they would all follow the same principles. And these principles would be inherent in us…

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I am drawing a man.	እ_ ሰ_ እ_ሳ_ኩ_ ነ_። i_ē s_w_ i_e_a_i_u_y_ n_w_. እኔ ሰው እየሳልኩኝ ነው። inē sewi iyesalikunyi newi. እ_ ሰ_ እ_____ ነ__ i__ s___ i___________ n____ እኔ ሰው እየሳልኩኝ ነው። inē sewi iyesalikunyi newi. __ __ ______ ___ ___ ____ ____________ _____ እኔ ሰው እየሳልኩኝ ነው። inē sewi iyesalikunyi newi.
First the head.	መ_መ_ያ ጭ_ቅ_ት m_j_m_r_y_ c_’_n_k_i_a_i መጀመሪያ ጭንቅላት mejemerīya ch’inik’ilati መ____ ጭ____ m_________ c____________ መጀመሪያ ጭንቅላት mejemerīya ch’inik’ilati _____ _____ __________ _____________ መጀመሪያ ጭንቅላት mejemerīya ch’inik’ilati
The man is wearing a hat.	ሰ_የ_ ኮ_ያ አ_ር_ል_ s_w_y_w_ k_f_y_ ā_i_i_a_i_ ሰውየው ኮፍያ አድርጋል። sewiyewi kofiya ādirigali. ሰ___ ኮ__ አ_____ s_______ k_____ ā_________ ሰውየው ኮፍያ አድርጋል። sewiyewi kofiya ādirigali. ____ ___ ______ ________ ______ __________ ሰውየው ኮፍያ አድርጋል። sewiyewi kofiya ādirigali.

One cannot see the hair.	ፀ_ሩ አ_ታ_ም_ t_s_e_u_u ā_i_a_i_i_ ፀጉሩ አይታይም። t͟s’eguru āyitayimi. ፀ__ አ_____ t________ ā_________ ፀጉሩ አይታይም። t͟s’eguru āyitayimi. ___ ______ _________ __________ ፀጉሩ አይታይም። t͟s’eguru āyitayimi.
One cannot see the ears either.	ጆ_ው_ አ_ታ_ም_ j_r_w_m_ ā_i_a_i_i_ ጆሮውም አይታይም። jorowimi āyitayimi. ጆ___ አ_____ j_______ ā_________ ጆሮውም አይታይም። jorowimi āyitayimi. ____ ______ ________ __________ ጆሮውም አይታይም። jorowimi āyitayimi.
One cannot see his back either.	ጆ_ባ_ም አ_ታ_ም_ j_r_b_w_m_ ā_i_a_i_i_ ጆርባውም አይታይም። joribawimi āyitayimi. ጆ____ አ_____ j_________ ā_________ ጆርባውም አይታይም። joribawimi āyitayimi. _____ ______ __________ __________ ጆርባውም አይታይም። joribawimi āyitayimi.

I am drawing the eyes and the mouth.	አ_ኖ_ን እ_ አ_ን እ_ሳ_ኩ_ ነ_። ā_i_o_h_n_ i_a ā_u_i i_e_a_i_u_y_ n_w_. አይኖቹን እና አፉን እየሳልኩኝ ነው። āyinochuni ina āfuni iyesalikunyi newi. አ____ እ_ አ__ እ_____ ነ__ ā_________ i__ ā____ i___________ n____ አይኖቹን እና አፉን እየሳልኩኝ ነው። āyinochuni ina āfuni iyesalikunyi newi. _____ __ ___ ______ ___ __________ ___ _____ ____________ _____ አይኖቹን እና አፉን እየሳልኩኝ ነው። āyinochuni ina āfuni iyesalikunyi newi.
The man is dancing and laughing.	ሰ_የ_ እ_ደ_ሰ_ እ_ሳ_ ነ_። s_w_y_w_ i_e_e_e_e_a i_e_a_’_ n_w_. ሰውየው እየደነሰና እየሳቀ ነው። sewiyewi iyedenesena iyesak’e newi. ሰ___ እ_____ እ___ ነ__ s_______ i__________ i_______ n____ ሰውየው እየደነሰና እየሳቀ ነው። sewiyewi iyedenesena iyesak’e newi. ____ ______ ____ ___ ________ ___________ ________ _____ ሰውየው እየደነሰና እየሳቀ ነው። sewiyewi iyedenesena iyesak’e newi.
The man has a long nose.	ሰ_የ_ ረ_ም አ_ን_ አ_ው_ s_w_y_w_ r_j_m_ ā_i_i_h_a ā_e_i_ ሰውየው ረጅም አፍንጫ አለው። sewiyewi rejimi āfinich’a ālewi. ሰ___ ረ__ አ___ አ___ s_______ r_____ ā________ ā_____ ሰውየው ረጅም አፍንጫ አለው። sewiyewi rejimi āfinich’a ālewi. ____ ___ ____ ____ ________ ______ _________ ______ ሰውየው ረጅም አፍንጫ አለው። sewiyewi rejimi āfinich’a ālewi.

He is carrying a cane in his hands.	እ_ በ_ጆ_ ቆ_ቆ_ ይ_ል_ i_u b_’_j_c_u k_o_i_’_r_ y_z_a_i_ እሱ በእጆቹ ቆርቆሮ ይዟል። isu be’ijochu k’orik’oro yizwali. እ_ በ___ ቆ___ ይ___ i__ b________ k_________ y_______ እሱ በእጆቹ ቆርቆሮ ይዟል። isu be’ijochu k’orik’oro yizwali. __ ____ ____ ____ ___ _________ __________ ________ እሱ በእጆቹ ቆርቆሮ ይዟል። isu be’ijochu k’orik’oro yizwali.
He is also wearing a scarf around his neck.	አ_ገ_ ላ_ ሻ_ብ አ_ር_ል_ ā_i_e_u l_y_ s_a_i_i ā_i_i_a_i_ አንገቱ ላይ ሻርብ አድርጋል። ānigetu layi sharibi ādirigali. አ___ ላ_ ሻ__ አ_____ ā______ l___ s______ ā_________ አንገቱ ላይ ሻርብ አድርጋል። ānigetu layi sharibi ādirigali. ____ __ ___ ______ _______ ____ _______ __________ አንገቱ ላይ ሻርብ አድርጋል። ānigetu layi sharibi ādirigali.
It is winter and it is cold.	ክ_ም_ና ቀ_ቃ_ ነ_። k_r_m_t_n_ k_e_i_’_z_ n_w_. ክረምትና ቀዝቃዛ ነው። kiremitina k’ezik’aza newi. ክ____ ቀ___ ነ__ k_________ k_________ n____ ክረምትና ቀዝቃዛ ነው። kiremitina k’ezik’aza newi. _____ ____ ___ __________ __________ _____ ክረምትና ቀዝቃዛ ነው። kiremitina k’ezik’aza newi.

The arms are athletic.	እ_ቹ ጠ_ካ_ ና_ው_ i_o_h_ t_e_i_a_a n_c_e_i_ እጆቹ ጠንካራ ናቸው። ijochu t’enikara nachewi. እ__ ጠ___ ና___ i_____ t________ n_______ እጆቹ ጠንካራ ናቸው። ijochu t’enikara nachewi. ___ ____ ____ ______ _________ ________ እጆቹ ጠንካራ ናቸው። ijochu t’enikara nachewi.
The legs are also athletic.	እ_ሮ_ም ጠ_ካ_ ና_ው_ i_i_o_h_m_ t_e_i_a_a n_c_e_i_ እግሮቹም ጠንካራ ናቸው። igirochumi t’enikara nachewi. እ____ ጠ___ ና___ i_________ t________ n_______ እግሮቹም ጠንካራ ናቸው። igirochumi t’enikara nachewi. _____ ____ ____ __________ _________ ________ እግሮቹም ጠንካራ ናቸው። igirochumi t’enikara nachewi.
The man is made of snow.	ሰ_የ_ ከ_ረ_ የ_ሰ_ ነ_። s_w_y_w_ k_b_r_d_ y_t_s_r_ n_w_. ሰውየው ከበረዶ የተሰራ ነው። sewiyewi keberedo yetesera newi. ሰ___ ከ___ የ___ ነ__ s_______ k_______ y_______ n____ ሰውየው ከበረዶ የተሰራ ነው። sewiyewi keberedo yetesera newi. ____ ____ ____ ___ ________ ________ ________ _____ ሰውየው ከበረዶ የተሰራ ነው። sewiyewi keberedo yetesera newi.

He is neither wearing pants nor a coat.	ሰ_የ_ ሱ_ም ኮ_ም አ_በ_ም_ s_w_y_w_ s_r_m_ k_t_m_ ā_e_e_e_i_ ሰውየው ሱሪም ኮትም አለበሰም። sewiyewi surīmi kotimi ālebesemi. ሰ___ ሱ__ ኮ__ አ_____ s_______ s_____ k_____ ā_________ ሰውየው ሱሪም ኮትም አለበሰም። sewiyewi surīmi kotimi ālebesemi. ____ ___ ___ ______ ________ ______ ______ __________ ሰውየው ሱሪም ኮትም አለበሰም። sewiyewi surīmi kotimi ālebesemi.
But the man is not freezing.	ግ_ ሰ_የ_ አ_በ_ደ_ም_ g_n_ s_w_y_w_ ā_i_e_e_e_i_i_ ግን ሰውየው አልበረደውም። gini sewiyewi āliberedewimi. ግ_ ሰ___ አ_______ g___ s_______ ā_____________ ግን ሰውየው አልበረደውም። gini sewiyewi āliberedewimi. __ ____ ________ ____ ________ ______________ ግን ሰውየው አልበረደውም። gini sewiyewi āliberedewimi.
He is a snowman.	እ_ የ_ረ_ ሰ_ ነ_። i_u y_b_r_d_ s_w_ n_w_. \| እሱ የበረዶ ሰው ነው። isu yeberedo sewi newi. \| እ_ የ___ ሰ_ ነ__ i__ y_______ s___ n____ \| እሱ የበረዶ ሰው ነው። isu yeberedo sewi newi. \| __ ____ __ ___ ___ ________ ____ _____ _ እሱ የበረዶ ሰው ነው። isu yeberedo sewi newi. \|

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Does a universal grammar exist?

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