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58 [fifty-eight]

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58 [padesát osm]	Části těla

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Does a universal grammar exist?

When we learn a language, we also learn its grammar. When children learn their native language, this happens automatically. They don't notice that their brain is learning various rules. Despite this, they learn their native language correctly from the beginning. Given that many languages exist, many grammar systems exist too. But is there also a universal grammar? Scientists have been studying this for a long time. New studies could provide an answer. Because brain researchers have made an interesting discovery. They had test subjects study grammar rules. These subjects were language school students. They studied Japanese or Italian. Half of the grammar rules were totally fabricated. However, the test subjects didn't know that. The students were presented with sentences after studying. They had to assess whether or not the sentences were correct. While they were working through the sentences, their brains were analyzed. That is to say, the researchers measured the activity of the brain. This way they could examine how the brain reacted to the sentences. And it appears that our brain recognizes grammar! When processing speech, certain brain areas are active. The Broca Center is one of them. It is located in the left cerebrum. When the students were faced with real grammar rules, it was very active. With the fabricated rules on the other hand, the activity decreased considerably. So it could be that all grammar systems have the same basis. Then they would all follow the same principles. And these principles would be inherent in us…

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I am drawing a man.	N_k_e_l_m m_ž_. Nakreslím muže. N________ m____ Nakreslím muže. _________ _____ Nakreslím muže.
First the head.	N_j_ř_v_ h_a_u_ Nejdříve hlavu. N_______ h_____ Nejdříve hlavu. ________ ______ Nejdříve hlavu.
The man is wearing a hat.	T_n m_ž m_ n_ s_b_ k_o_o_k_ Ten muž má na sobě klobouk. T__ m__ m_ n_ s___ k_______ Ten muž má na sobě klobouk. ___ ___ __ __ ____ ________ Ten muž má na sobě klobouk.

One cannot see the hair.	J_h_ v_a_y n_j_o_ v_d_t_ Jeho vlasy nejsou vidět. J___ v____ n_____ v_____ Jeho vlasy nejsou vidět. ____ _____ ______ ______ Jeho vlasy nejsou vidět.
One cannot see the ears either.	A_i j_h_ u_i n_j_o_ v_d_t_ Ani jeho uši nejsou vidět. A__ j___ u__ n_____ v_____ Ani jeho uši nejsou vidět. ___ ____ ___ ______ ______ Ani jeho uši nejsou vidět.
One cannot see his back either.	A_i j_h_ z_d_ n_j_o_ v_d_t_ Ani jeho záda nejsou vidět. A__ j___ z___ n_____ v_____ Ani jeho záda nejsou vidět. ___ ____ ____ ______ ______ Ani jeho záda nejsou vidět.

I am drawing the eyes and the mouth.	N_k_e_l_m m_ o_i a ú_t_. Nakreslím mu oči a ústa. N________ m_ o__ a ú____ Nakreslím mu oči a ústa. _________ __ ___ _ _____ Nakreslím mu oči a ústa.
The man is dancing and laughing.	T_n m_ž t_n_í a s_ě_e s_. Ten muž tančí a směje se. T__ m__ t____ a s____ s__ Ten muž tančí a směje se. ___ ___ _____ _ _____ ___ Ten muž tančí a směje se.
The man has a long nose.	T_n m_ž m_ d_o_h_ n_s_ Ten muž má dlouhý nos. T__ m__ m_ d_____ n___ Ten muž má dlouhý nos. ___ ___ __ ______ ____ Ten muž má dlouhý nos.

He is carrying a cane in his hands.	V r_k_u d_ž_ h_l_ V rukou drží hůl. V r____ d___ h___ V rukou drží hůl. _ _____ ____ ____ V rukou drží hůl.
He is also wearing a scarf around his neck.	K_l_m k_k_ m_ t_k_ š_l_. Kolem krku má také šálu. K____ k___ m_ t___ š____ Kolem krku má také šálu. _____ ____ __ ____ _____ Kolem krku má také šálu.
It is winter and it is cold.	J_ z_m_ a j_ c_l_d_o_ Je zima a je chladno. J_ z___ a j_ c_______ Je zima a je chladno. __ ____ _ __ ________ Je zima a je chladno.

The arms are athletic.	J_h_ p_ž_ j_o_ s_l_é_ Jeho paže jsou silné. J___ p___ j___ s_____ Jeho paže jsou silné. ____ ____ ____ ______ Jeho paže jsou silné.
The legs are also athletic.	I j_h_ n_h_ j_o_ s_l_é_ I jeho nohy jsou silné. I j___ n___ j___ s_____ I jeho nohy jsou silné. _ ____ ____ ____ ______ I jeho nohy jsou silné.
The man is made of snow.	T_n m_ž j_ z_ s_ě_u_ Ten muž je ze sněhu. T__ m__ j_ z_ s_____ Ten muž je ze sněhu. ___ ___ __ __ ______ Ten muž je ze sněhu.

He is neither wearing pants nor a coat.	N_m_ n_ s_b_ ž_d_é k_l_o_y a ž_d_ý k_b_t_ Nemá na sobě žádné kalhoty a žádný kabát. N___ n_ s___ ž____ k______ a ž____ k_____ Nemá na sobě žádné kalhoty a žádný kabát. ____ __ ____ _____ _______ _ _____ ______ Nemá na sobě žádné kalhoty a žádný kabát.
But the man is not freezing.	A_e n_m_z_e_ Ale nemrzne. A__ n_______ Ale nemrzne. ___ ________ Ale nemrzne.
He is a snowman.	J_ t_ s_ě_u_á_. Je to sněhulák. J_ t_ s________ Je to sněhulák. __ __ _________ Je to sněhulák.

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Does a universal grammar exist?

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