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81[八十一]

过去时1

81 [eighty-one]	Past tense 1

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语言学的历史

语言一直让人类着迷。因而语言学的历史相当悠久。语言学是对语言进行系统研究的一门科学。早在几千年前，人类就已经在思考语言。同时，不同的文化发展了不同的语言系统。对语言的不同描述也由此而产生。语言学家今天主要以古代理论作为研究基础。尤其在古希腊时代建立了许多语言学传统。就目前所知最古老的语言学著作是在印度发现的。那是一本在3000年前关于早期梵语语法的著作。古代的哲学家，比如柏拉图，都在研究语言学。后来，罗马的作者也继续发展了他们的理论。阿拉伯人在8世纪也发展了独自的传统。那时的著作已经对阿拉伯语有了准确的描述。在现代时期，人们主要想研究语言的起源问题。学者们对语言的历史尤其感兴趣。在18世纪，人们开始对不同的语言做比较。通过比较来了解语言是如何发展的。在那之后，人们开始专注语言的系统性。关于语言是如何发挥作用的课题成为研究焦点。今天的语言学里有许多研究方向。自50年代开始，语言学发展出许多新专业。其中有些专业深受其它学科的影响。例如心理语言学，或跨文化交流等专业。语言学新兴研究方向都非常地专业化。其中一个例子就是女性语言学。语言学的历史仍在继续向前...... 只要有语言存在，就会有人对它进行思考！

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写字，书写	t_ w_i_e to write t_ w____ to write __ _____ to write
他写了一封信。	H_ w_o_e a l_t_e_. He wrote a letter. H_ w____ a l______ He wrote a letter. __ _____ _ _______ He wrote a letter.
她写了一个明信片。	A_d s_e w_o_e a c_r_. And she wrote a card. A__ s__ w____ a c____ And she wrote a card. ___ ___ _____ _ _____ And she wrote a card.

读书，看书	t_ r_a_ to read t_ r___ to read __ ____ to read
他读了一本画报。	H_ r_a_ a m_g_z_n_. He read a magazine. H_ r___ a m________ He read a magazine. __ ____ _ _________ He read a magazine.
她读了一本书。	A_d s_e r_a_ a b_o_. And she read a book. A__ s__ r___ a b____ And she read a book. ___ ___ ____ _ _____ And she read a book.

拿，取，收到，吃，用，乘，坐	t_ t_k_ to take t_ t___ to take __ ____ to take
他吸/抽了一支香烟。	H_ t_o_ a c_g_r_t_e_ He took a cigarette. H_ t___ a c_________ He took a cigarette. __ ____ _ __________ He took a cigarette.
她吃了一块巧克力。	S_e t_o_ a p_e_e o_ c_o_o_a_e_ She took a piece of chocolate. S__ t___ a p____ o_ c_________ She took a piece of chocolate. ___ ____ _ _____ __ __________ She took a piece of chocolate.

他对她不忠诚，但是她对他忠诚。	H_ w_s d_s_o_a_, b_t s_e w_s l_y_l_ He was disloyal, but she was loyal. H_ w__ d________ b__ s__ w__ l_____ He was disloyal, but she was loyal. __ ___ _________ ___ ___ ___ ______ He was disloyal, but she was loyal.
他很懒，但是她勤劳。	H_ w_s l_z_, b_t s_e w_s h_r_-_o_k_n_. He was lazy, but she was hard-working. H_ w__ l____ b__ s__ w__ h____________ He was lazy, but she was hard-working. __ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ _____________ He was lazy, but she was hard-working.
他很穷，但是她有钱。	H_ w_s p_o_, b_t s_e w_s r_c_. He was poor, but she was rich. H_ w__ p____ b__ s__ w__ r____ He was poor, but she was rich. __ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ _____ He was poor, but she was rich.

他没有钱，还有债务。	H_ h_d n_ m_n_y_ o_l_ d_b_s_ He had no money, only debts. H_ h__ n_ m_____ o___ d_____ He had no money, only debts. __ ___ __ ______ ____ ______ He had no money, only debts.
他没有好运气，还很倒霉。	H_ h_d n_ l_c_, o_l_ b_d l_c_. He had no luck, only bad luck. H_ h__ n_ l____ o___ b__ l____ He had no luck, only bad luck. __ ___ __ _____ ____ ___ _____ He had no luck, only bad luck.
他没成功，还很失败。	H_ h_d n_ s_c_e_s_ o_l_ f_i_u_e_ He had no success, only failure. H_ h__ n_ s_______ o___ f_______ He had no success, only failure. __ ___ __ ________ ____ ________ He had no success, only failure.

他不满意，而且很不满足。	H_ w_s n_t s_t_s_i_d_ b_t d_s_a_i_f_e_. He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied. H_ w__ n__ s_________ b__ d____________ He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied. __ ___ ___ __________ ___ _____________ He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied.
他不开心, 而且很不幸福。	H_ w_s n_t h_p_y_ b_t s_d_ He was not happy, but sad. H_ w__ n__ h_____ b__ s___ He was not happy, but sad. __ ___ ___ ______ ___ ____ He was not happy, but sad.
他让人没有好感, 而且惹人厌。	H_ w_s n_t f_i_n_l_, b_t u_f_i_n_l_. He was not friendly, but unfriendly. H_ w__ n__ f________ b__ u__________ He was not friendly, but unfriendly. __ ___ ___ _________ ___ ___________ He was not friendly, but unfriendly.

常用语手册

语言学的历史

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